1 00:00:08,770 --> 00:00:07,210 hello holders and welcome to this week's 2 00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:08,780 hub will hang out my name is Tony 3 00:00:12,370 --> 00:00:10,700 Darnell I work at the Space Telescope 4 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:12,380 Science Institute and this week we've 5 00:00:16,209 --> 00:00:13,970 had another really great hangout plan 6 00:00:17,620 --> 00:00:16,219 for you this week astronomers using the 7 00:00:20,580 --> 00:00:17,630 Hubble Space Telescope have been 8 00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:20,590 pointing it at black hole Jets in NGC 9 00:00:25,390 --> 00:00:24,020 3862 a galaxy it is very far away and 10 00:00:27,460 --> 00:00:25,400 that we will learn a lot more about 11 00:00:29,590 --> 00:00:27,470 during the course of this hangout and so 12 00:00:32,019 --> 00:00:29,600 we will be learning about black hole 13 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:32,029 supermassive black holes by cold Jets as 14 00:00:35,889 --> 00:00:33,890 well as colliding material within those 15 00:00:37,809 --> 00:00:35,899 Jets but before I get started let me 16 00:00:39,910 --> 00:00:37,819 introduce my co-host because this week 17 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:39,920 we've got a full gang we got everybody 18 00:00:43,299 --> 00:00:41,690 here this week I have with me dr. carol 19 00:00:46,119 --> 00:00:43,309 christian she's the Hubble Space 20 00:00:47,950 --> 00:00:46,129 Telescope every scientist for the hubble 21 00:00:50,770 --> 00:00:47,960 space telescope project from the 22 00:00:52,959 --> 00:00:50,780 Institute and hello Carol and I'm also 23 00:00:55,329 --> 00:00:52,969 with me is Scott Lewis he's driving the 24 00:00:56,949 --> 00:00:55,339 internet how you feeling Scott a much 25 00:01:00,119 --> 00:00:56,959 every language past week you were out 26 00:01:02,829 --> 00:01:00,129 what I missed you guys I'm just miss you 27 00:01:04,149 --> 00:01:02,839 glad you're back I miss you you're glad 28 00:01:06,580 --> 00:01:04,159 if we didn't get what happens you had 29 00:01:07,870 --> 00:01:06,590 pretty much it there's a good reason 30 00:01:11,380 --> 00:01:07,880 we're on opposite sides of the country 31 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:11,390 to show my spelling yeah so before I 32 00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:12,890 introduce our guest let me just let you 33 00:01:17,140 --> 00:01:14,780 know that we want you to interact with 34 00:01:18,250 --> 00:01:17,150 us in this hangout and you can do that 35 00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:18,260 in a variety of ways which I'm going to 36 00:01:20,860 --> 00:01:19,400 have Scott tell you about in just a 37 00:01:22,540 --> 00:01:20,870 minute but first I want to also remind 38 00:01:25,060 --> 00:01:22,550 you that if you have not followed us on 39 00:01:27,070 --> 00:01:25,070 Twitter we are at Hubble telescope and 40 00:01:28,180 --> 00:01:27,080 you'll be getting all you can get all 41 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:28,190 the news latest news and information 42 00:01:32,590 --> 00:01:30,170 about these hangouts from there and also 43 00:01:34,060 --> 00:01:32,600 subscribe to our YouTube channel Hubble 44 00:01:35,530 --> 00:01:34,070 site channel and you can also get 45 00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:35,540 notifications from us there we got a lot 46 00:01:39,670 --> 00:01:37,520 of cool stuff on that channel as well so 47 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:39,680 Scott how can people interact with us 48 00:01:45,310 --> 00:01:42,410 throughout this hangout so the best way 49 00:01:47,890 --> 00:01:45,320 to get in touch with us is using the Q&A 50 00:01:50,050 --> 00:01:47,900 app which is on both YouTube and Google+ 51 00:01:52,330 --> 00:01:50,060 so as we're broadcasting right now and 52 00:01:53,380 --> 00:01:52,340 if you're watching it later on you can 53 00:01:54,820 --> 00:01:53,390 stay at the very bottom that we're 54 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:54,830 answering questions and if you're 55 00:01:58,300 --> 00:01:56,690 watching us live you can put questions 56 00:02:00,850 --> 00:01:58,310 in there will see them up here on our 57 00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:00,860 right hand side and as we respond to 58 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:02,360 them will put a timestamp on so you can 59 00:02:07,660 --> 00:02:04,490 see when we're applying those specific 60 00:02:10,089 --> 00:02:07,670 questions and also as Tony said that we 61 00:02:13,239 --> 00:02:10,099 are Twitter so I am monitoring both the 62 00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:13,249 hashtag see here hubble 25 and as Tony's 63 00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:14,000 lower third show 64 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:16,880 is a hashtag hubble hang out and stuff a 65 00:02:19,930 --> 00:02:18,290 monitoring both of those and we'll be 66 00:02:21,940 --> 00:02:19,940 posting some pictures as we're going on 67 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:21,950 as well as the the links to keep people 68 00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:24,290 and keep all you guys involved in the 69 00:02:27,910 --> 00:02:26,630 conversation all right thanks God now my 70 00:02:29,230 --> 00:02:27,920 favorite way to do it is with the Q&A 71 00:02:30,730 --> 00:02:29,240 app because I have it right here and I 72 00:02:32,590 --> 00:02:30,740 can see you guys right away so that 73 00:02:34,510 --> 00:02:32,600 would be the easiest way so I can 74 00:02:37,330 --> 00:02:34,520 interject the conversation if it's if 75 00:02:40,150 --> 00:02:37,340 it's a timely comment so uh let's get to 76 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:40,160 today's hangout as I'm anybody who knows 77 00:02:43,660 --> 00:02:42,170 anything about the movement watch these 78 00:02:45,490 --> 00:02:43,670 hangouts for any length of time knows 79 00:02:47,710 --> 00:02:45,500 that the Hubble Space Telescope has been 80 00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:47,720 orbiting above our heads for the last 14 81 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:50,780 25 years and one of the great advantages 82 00:02:55,750 --> 00:02:53,450 that gives us to Fred for it to have a 83 00:02:58,210 --> 00:02:55,760 telescope up in orbit for so long is 84 00:02:59,740 --> 00:02:58,220 that we can use it to periodically go 85 00:03:01,840 --> 00:02:59,750 back and look at some things that had 86 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:01,850 looked at before and that's what these 87 00:03:05,890 --> 00:03:04,010 the astronomers we have with us today 88 00:03:08,229 --> 00:03:05,900 have done they have looked at a galaxy 89 00:03:09,370 --> 00:03:08,239 I've already said NGC 3862 which we'll 90 00:03:11,229 --> 00:03:09,380 learn a little bit more about they've 91 00:03:13,510 --> 00:03:11,239 looked at it at four different instances 92 00:03:18,039 --> 00:03:13,520 over the last 20 or so years and have 93 00:03:19,660 --> 00:03:18,049 been able to see features in this a jet 94 00:03:22,270 --> 00:03:19,670 coming from a supermassive black hole 95 00:03:24,460 --> 00:03:22,280 which is unbelievably great i meant the 96 00:03:26,380 --> 00:03:24,470 days of a static universe are clearly 97 00:03:28,870 --> 00:03:26,390 over we can see all kinds of cool things 98 00:03:31,150 --> 00:03:28,880 going on and so with me today is dr. 99 00:03:32,860 --> 00:03:31,160 Eileen Meyer she's she's the leader 100 00:03:35,650 --> 00:03:32,870 author of the paper paper also with me 101 00:03:38,530 --> 00:03:35,660 is dr. Roland van tomorrow and dr. 102 00:03:39,970 --> 00:03:38,540 Marcus georgopoulos there they have all 103 00:03:43,479 --> 00:03:39,980 published a paper which appeared in 104 00:03:44,860 --> 00:03:43,489 today's issue of the journal Nature so 105 00:03:47,319 --> 00:03:44,870 welcome guys and it's good to have you 106 00:03:49,509 --> 00:03:47,329 in our hangout thank you good to be here 107 00:03:50,860 --> 00:03:49,519 thanks Eileen let me start with you a 108 00:03:53,199 --> 00:03:50,870 little bit I want to talk about black 109 00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:53,209 holes first now we've said this before 110 00:03:58,509 --> 00:03:56,030 in previous hangouts but galaxies not 111 00:04:01,240 --> 00:03:58,519 all but most seem to have something 112 00:04:03,340 --> 00:04:01,250 called a supermassive black hole in them 113 00:04:06,430 --> 00:04:03,350 now what is the supermassive black hole 114 00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:06,440 you describe that for us uh yes it's 115 00:04:11,050 --> 00:04:08,900 very roughly somewhere between a million 116 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:11,060 to a billion times the mass of our Sun 117 00:04:15,970 --> 00:04:13,610 that's a pretty big that's the it's a 118 00:04:17,349 --> 00:04:15,980 big range but it's you know in astronomy 119 00:04:19,719 --> 00:04:17,359 we lot of times deal with order of 120 00:04:21,340 --> 00:04:19,729 magnitude differences so that's that's 121 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:21,350 sort of the supermassive black hole 122 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:23,450 category what we call a stellar mass 123 00:04:30,550 --> 00:04:27,410 black hole might only be one time 28 124 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:30,560 15 times the mass of our Sun there's a 125 00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:32,090 whole range in the middle that's kind of 126 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:34,670 lumped into intermediate mats so that's 127 00:04:38,170 --> 00:04:36,770 sort of the category we would be 128 00:04:41,170 --> 00:04:38,180 something that might be formed from a 129 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:41,180 very large super giant explosion or the 130 00:04:44,530 --> 00:04:42,530 death of a supergiant stars right 131 00:04:46,870 --> 00:04:44,540 generates a star exactly now so these 132 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:46,880 supermassive black holes these are as 133 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:48,530 you said a million to a billion times 134 00:04:56,080 --> 00:04:52,490 larger and the Sun and most galaxies 135 00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:56,090 seem to have these but you know it do 136 00:04:59,020 --> 00:04:57,170 you think that you're what do you think 137 00:05:01,720 --> 00:04:59,030 causes these things to it to happen is 138 00:05:03,940 --> 00:05:01,730 there any ideas about why they would get 139 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:03,950 so large or do they happen over time are 140 00:05:10,300 --> 00:05:06,770 they to collate a coalition of a lot of 141 00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:10,310 other black holes are very possibly and 142 00:05:13,660 --> 00:05:12,200 this is one of those things that you 143 00:05:15,310 --> 00:05:13,670 know nature is weirder than our 144 00:05:16,990 --> 00:05:15,320 imaginations I don't think if you went 145 00:05:18,340 --> 00:05:17,000 back to astronomy before we knew about 146 00:05:19,870 --> 00:05:18,350 these things people would have said oh 147 00:05:21,280 --> 00:05:19,880 yeah there's a there's black holes a 148 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:21,290 billion times the mass of our Sun we 149 00:05:25,810 --> 00:05:23,570 only you know we're trying to understand 150 00:05:27,370 --> 00:05:25,820 that that mystery it's it's a it's one 151 00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:27,380 of the things that's still open so we 152 00:05:32,740 --> 00:05:29,680 know that they grow they get bigger 153 00:05:34,750 --> 00:05:32,750 partly by accreting matter so they form 154 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:34,760 these big discs of gas and dust that 155 00:05:40,090 --> 00:05:36,530 fall into the black hole so they can 156 00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:40,100 grow that way but we also think we know 157 00:05:45,159 --> 00:05:43,580 that this is not fast enough given the 158 00:05:46,659 --> 00:05:45,169 the lifetime of the universe to grow 159 00:05:50,620 --> 00:05:46,669 these as big as they are so there must 160 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:50,630 have been some more direct collapse mode 161 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:52,730 of forming the original seeds for these 162 00:05:56,680 --> 00:05:54,410 black holes but it's a big mystery that 163 00:05:59,260 --> 00:05:56,690 we're trying to figure out now and these 164 00:06:00,430 --> 00:05:59,270 these these Jets these are the ones that 165 00:06:01,900 --> 00:06:00,440 you've been observing and we'll talk 166 00:06:03,460 --> 00:06:01,910 about here in just a little bit do all 167 00:06:04,810 --> 00:06:03,470 black holes have them and and I always 168 00:06:07,030 --> 00:06:04,820 thought that when things fell into a 169 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:07,040 black hole they kind of disappeared you 170 00:06:09,430 --> 00:06:08,210 couldn't they couldn't come back out 171 00:06:12,250 --> 00:06:09,440 again how can things are coming out of 172 00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:12,260 black holes here uh that's a very good 173 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:14,990 question and it's it's a bit of an abuse 174 00:06:18,730 --> 00:06:16,730 of the language when we say oh there's 175 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:18,740 jets from black holes the truth is this 176 00:06:23,530 --> 00:06:21,050 matter never fell in in the terms of 177 00:06:26,230 --> 00:06:23,540 falling past the event horizon so it's 178 00:06:27,940 --> 00:06:26,240 very close and it's probably on in an 179 00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:27,950 accretion disk at first it's kind of 180 00:06:32,200 --> 00:06:30,110 sliding in towards the black hole but 181 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:32,210 something about the the disk structure 182 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:34,010 and the black hole structure kicks it 183 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:36,289 out so it never really falls in in the 184 00:06:40,719 --> 00:06:38,690 first place to answer an earlier 185 00:06:41,140 --> 00:06:40,729 question jets from black holes are 186 00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:41,150 relative 187 00:06:46,690 --> 00:06:43,310 a rare it's only about maybe ten percent 188 00:06:49,300 --> 00:06:46,700 of these objects that give us jets so 189 00:06:52,030 --> 00:06:49,310 only ten percent of all the super so 190 00:06:54,250 --> 00:06:52,040 they would have a jet so and would they 191 00:06:55,750 --> 00:06:54,260 so is its directly am I right in 192 00:06:57,310 --> 00:06:55,760 assuming it's directly related to things 193 00:07:00,160 --> 00:06:57,320 that are falling into the black hole at 194 00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:00,170 the time so if nothing is going in you 195 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:02,630 don't get a jet that's yeah broadly 196 00:07:08,590 --> 00:07:04,250 speaking that's that's the case so you 197 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:08,600 can starve a jet of fuel and presumably 198 00:07:13,390 --> 00:07:10,970 it will turn off now Marcos would like 199 00:07:15,700 --> 00:07:13,400 to add something to that I think okay go 200 00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:15,710 ahead Marcos yeah basically you can 201 00:07:19,390 --> 00:07:17,420 start on a black hole if you don't see 202 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:19,400 the black hole I'm a supermassive black 203 00:07:25,630 --> 00:07:23,210 hole you do not have a quasar it is very 204 00:07:27,700 --> 00:07:25,640 bright point like sources in the center 205 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:27,710 of galaxies but you still have a black 206 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:30,620 hole that is just sitting there like the 207 00:07:34,060 --> 00:07:32,810 only having our galactic center right 208 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:34,070 exactly i was going to say the one in 209 00:07:38,530 --> 00:07:36,170 our galaxy right now is quiet correct so 210 00:07:41,050 --> 00:07:38,540 basically as far as we understand things 211 00:07:44,410 --> 00:07:41,060 every single galaxy has a supermassive 212 00:07:46,210 --> 00:07:44,420 black hole but in most of the galaxies 213 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:46,220 these black holes are not shed anymore 214 00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:48,650 the period that they were getting food 215 00:07:53,410 --> 00:07:50,800 from the galactic neighborhood is over 216 00:07:55,630 --> 00:07:53,420 so they are not shed and they are not 217 00:07:58,420 --> 00:07:55,640 they are not what we would call a quasar 218 00:08:00,490 --> 00:07:58,430 meaning an accreting black hole and and 219 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:00,500 also there is no se pega his jet these 220 00:08:07,660 --> 00:08:02,090 jets and quasars are the same thing 221 00:08:10,330 --> 00:08:07,670 right ah well you can not really you can 222 00:08:12,010 --> 00:08:10,340 have quasars that do not produce that 223 00:08:14,350 --> 00:08:12,020 but they still have this very bright 224 00:08:18,100 --> 00:08:14,360 accretion disks that we see in in the 225 00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:18,110 optical and UV and in the x-rays oh so 226 00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:19,550 this is the difference so the difference 227 00:08:23,980 --> 00:08:21,680 is that they will be the quasars d is 228 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:23,990 the radiating accreting this then from 229 00:08:28,210 --> 00:08:25,850 the black hole that's right so you have 230 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:28,220 quasars you have quasar that have just 231 00:08:33,280 --> 00:08:31,010 an accretion disk and you have quasars I 232 00:08:36,790 --> 00:08:33,290 have an accretion disk + the Jets coming 233 00:08:41,050 --> 00:08:36,800 out now what makes a difference between 234 00:08:44,230 --> 00:08:41,060 these two families we do not know at 235 00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:44,240 this stage it's not clear what is the 236 00:08:49,270 --> 00:08:47,690 difference and these things look very 237 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:49,280 similar if you look at them in the 238 00:08:52,780 --> 00:08:51,170 optical will be with a space with a 239 00:08:54,879 --> 00:08:52,790 telescope like the Space Telescope they 240 00:08:57,069 --> 00:08:54,889 look pretty similar those at 58 241 00:08:58,929 --> 00:08:57,079 was that you know and it's a film about 242 00:09:00,699 --> 00:08:58,939 the research to figure out what makes 243 00:09:04,030 --> 00:09:00,709 some of them produce debt and some of 244 00:09:05,229 --> 00:09:04,040 them want to use it okay so let's talk 245 00:09:06,759 --> 00:09:05,239 about the wavelengths a little bit now 246 00:09:08,769 --> 00:09:06,769 you would this was first discovered i 247 00:09:13,269 --> 00:09:08,779 think in ninety this jet was first 248 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:13,279 discovered in 3862 in 92 i believe and 249 00:09:16,509 --> 00:09:14,689 then and then it was and then it was 250 00:09:20,349 --> 00:09:16,519 observed for the first time by hubble in 251 00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:20,359 94 in the new said it was visible in 252 00:09:23,829 --> 00:09:22,040 optical what are the wavelengths are 253 00:09:27,819 --> 00:09:23,839 these things very bright in on talking 254 00:09:29,799 --> 00:09:27,829 about the Jets themselves it wants to 255 00:09:33,159 --> 00:09:29,809 take that one I'll let me let me call 256 00:09:35,499 --> 00:09:33,169 mr. in a general sense what is happening 257 00:09:37,150 --> 00:09:35,509 with black holes so you have something 258 00:09:39,669 --> 00:09:37,160 that is very small and very massive 259 00:09:42,069 --> 00:09:39,679 sitting in the center of a galaxy and in 260 00:09:45,340 --> 00:09:42,079 fact it's so small that it's a black 261 00:09:48,069 --> 00:09:45,350 hole you have material in the galaxy 262 00:09:50,979 --> 00:09:48,079 stars have stars and gas and dust are 263 00:09:54,999 --> 00:09:50,989 all things you find in galaxies and the 264 00:09:57,099 --> 00:09:55,009 gas has a tendency to you know fall into 265 00:09:58,749 --> 00:09:57,109 the center and when you have a lot of 266 00:10:01,419 --> 00:09:58,759 gas that you try to squeeze in a very 267 00:10:03,159 --> 00:10:01,429 small volume you get friction so the gas 268 00:10:05,499 --> 00:10:03,169 basically as friction with itself and it 269 00:10:07,299 --> 00:10:05,509 gets very hot so what happens in all of 270 00:10:09,970 --> 00:10:07,309 these cases when there is material 271 00:10:12,269 --> 00:10:09,980 falling onto a black hole you have very 272 00:10:14,769 --> 00:10:12,279 hot gas that sits next to it and that 273 00:10:16,539 --> 00:10:14,779 produces radiation and emission that you 274 00:10:18,220 --> 00:10:16,549 can see in various wavelengths so 275 00:10:20,530 --> 00:10:18,230 something that's very conspicuous in all 276 00:10:22,329 --> 00:10:20,540 wavelengths is x-ray emission because 277 00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:22,339 when you have material that gets about a 278 00:10:28,539 --> 00:10:26,569 million degrees its natural wavelengths 279 00:10:31,090 --> 00:10:28,549 in which it radiates is x-ray emission 280 00:10:32,739 --> 00:10:31,100 okay something is that the dominant 281 00:10:36,309 --> 00:10:32,749 wavelength for this then or these Jets 282 00:10:37,509 --> 00:10:36,319 uh not for the Jets necessarily but for 283 00:10:40,569 --> 00:10:37,519 the accretion disk so you're always 284 00:10:42,009 --> 00:10:40,579 repeating the there's many source you 285 00:10:43,090 --> 00:10:42,019 know bright sources going on so you have 286 00:10:44,859 --> 00:10:43,100 the accretion disk and then you also 287 00:10:49,629 --> 00:10:44,869 have the Jets and they have very 288 00:10:52,829 --> 00:10:49,639 distinct wavelength distributions so for 289 00:10:55,960 --> 00:10:52,839 the Jets actually another name for 290 00:10:58,449 --> 00:10:55,970 sources black holes with jets is called 291 00:11:01,299 --> 00:10:58,459 radio loud active galaxies and the 292 00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:01,309 reason we call them radio loud is 293 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:02,720 because they produce a lot of radio 294 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:05,569 emission so and that's that's a process 295 00:11:10,690 --> 00:11:07,130 called synchrotron emission 296 00:11:15,010 --> 00:11:10,700 and so probably you would say that the 297 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:15,020 the dominant emission is is radio in the 298 00:11:20,500 --> 00:11:17,330 sense that that's really the easiest way 299 00:11:23,830 --> 00:11:20,510 to pick up a jet radio loud say it again 300 00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:23,840 radio loud what radio loud active 301 00:11:29,170 --> 00:11:27,050 galaxies electric galaxy yes or if not 302 00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:29,180 not be welcome on a bus I would imagine 303 00:11:37,510 --> 00:11:34,040 okay but they also give you plenty of 304 00:11:40,060 --> 00:11:37,520 optical x-ray UV all the way up to gamma 305 00:11:42,430 --> 00:11:40,070 rays even TV level of mission which is 306 00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:42,440 harder than gamma rays so they're 307 00:11:47,170 --> 00:11:45,200 they're totally multi-wavelength emitter 308 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:47,180 so you will get the whole entire 309 00:11:50,680 --> 00:11:49,130 spectrum covered and these guys so if 310 00:11:52,990 --> 00:11:50,690 you have you know a suite of instruments 311 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:53,000 which we do fortunately as astronomers 312 00:11:56,380 --> 00:11:54,170 you can actually take pictures of these 313 00:11:58,060 --> 00:11:56,390 in all kinds of different wavelengths 314 00:11:59,830 --> 00:11:58,070 okay well thanks for the back okay so 315 00:12:01,060 --> 00:11:59,840 that good so now we with that background 316 00:12:02,890 --> 00:12:01,070 folks let's talk about a little bit 317 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:02,900 about what these guys have done so over 318 00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:04,010 the years Hubble has looked at this 319 00:12:07,180 --> 00:12:05,600 we've talked about it before and Scott 320 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:07,190 would you mind putting up one of the 321 00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:09,290 graphics that shows the the jet with the 322 00:12:12,820 --> 00:12:11,360 different panels on the side from the 323 00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:12,830 different observations when you get a 324 00:12:15,910 --> 00:12:14,510 chance in and while he's bringing that 325 00:12:18,130 --> 00:12:15,920 up let me talk to me ask you Eileen 326 00:12:20,770 --> 00:12:18,140 describe for us a little bit about your 327 00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:20,780 research and what this paper is is 328 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:24,110 trying to show us as God has a an image 329 00:12:29,740 --> 00:12:26,930 here of some of the observations right 330 00:12:31,570 --> 00:12:29,750 so going back to something you said at 331 00:12:33,340 --> 00:12:31,580 the beginning we are now at the stage 332 00:12:37,090 --> 00:12:33,350 where Hubble has been up for more than 333 00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:37,100 20 years taking pictures which allows us 334 00:12:42,460 --> 00:12:40,340 to start lining these images of the same 335 00:12:46,390 --> 00:12:42,470 object up and just seeing what's changed 336 00:12:50,140 --> 00:12:46,400 over time and what we found here in this 337 00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:50,150 particular galaxy is that this small jet 338 00:12:54,280 --> 00:12:52,400 coming out it looks here like it's 339 00:12:57,280 --> 00:12:54,290 coming out straight in the plane of the 340 00:12:59,380 --> 00:12:57,290 the sky to the right yes jet is actually 341 00:13:02,200 --> 00:12:59,390 pointed very close to our line of sight 342 00:13:05,490 --> 00:13:02,210 so here's what I do the foul on the left 343 00:13:08,590 --> 00:13:05,500 then is the galaxy basically like a lacy 344 00:13:09,820 --> 00:13:08,600 not gonna from the top right yeah you 345 00:13:11,680 --> 00:13:09,830 can kind of think of it like that 346 00:13:14,050 --> 00:13:11,690 because there's you notice this kind of 347 00:13:17,620 --> 00:13:14,060 grayish disk in the middle this is 348 00:13:20,290 --> 00:13:17,630 actually a very presumably a thin dust 349 00:13:21,010 --> 00:13:20,300 disk that's orbiting around the black 350 00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:21,020 hole 351 00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:23,660 self and we're seeing that face on like 352 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:26,480 a dinner plate and then the jet is 353 00:13:31,060 --> 00:13:28,610 believed to be almost 90 degrees to this 354 00:13:32,950 --> 00:13:31,070 this face on disk so if that helps you 355 00:13:35,290 --> 00:13:32,960 can kind of now imagine that this jet is 356 00:13:38,680 --> 00:13:35,300 not going to the side it's actually 357 00:13:40,390 --> 00:13:38,690 coming at us just at a slight angle so 358 00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:40,400 that we can kind of still see it see 359 00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:42,110 some of the matter yeah but obviously if 360 00:13:45,070 --> 00:13:43,730 it was tues it you know hundred percent 361 00:13:48,310 --> 00:13:45,080 in our in our face we would just see a 362 00:13:50,530 --> 00:13:48,320 dot so okay so how how far away is this 363 00:13:52,300 --> 00:13:50,540 galaxy this good what are some of the 364 00:13:54,790 --> 00:13:52,310 tell us a little about the galaxy first 365 00:13:58,060 --> 00:13:54,800 then we'll move to the so this is a very 366 00:13:59,620 --> 00:13:58,070 typical environment to see a jet like 367 00:14:01,510 --> 00:13:59,630 this it's it's not a particularly 368 00:14:02,770 --> 00:14:01,520 powerful jet it's actually somewhat low 369 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:02,780 power compared to the whole population 370 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:05,330 so it is this is what's called a giant 371 00:14:09,220 --> 00:14:07,370 elliptical galaxy so the stars are quite 372 00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:09,230 smooth in distribution and that's why 373 00:14:14,350 --> 00:14:11,090 you get this kind of smooth halo of 374 00:14:17,050 --> 00:14:14,360 light around the jet that's very typical 375 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:17,060 this is now you actually said at the 376 00:14:20,710 --> 00:14:18,650 beginning that this is a very faraway 377 00:14:22,180 --> 00:14:20,720 galaxy and it's these are all relative 378 00:14:23,980 --> 00:14:22,190 terms so to an astronomer this is not 379 00:14:26,830 --> 00:14:23,990 far away it's only it's only about 90 380 00:14:29,470 --> 00:14:26,840 megaparsecs so far right of me that's 381 00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:29,480 still the local universe to us so things 382 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:31,340 things haven't changed much I know but I 383 00:14:38,110 --> 00:14:33,170 hadn't had to work at the store worst 384 00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:38,120 yes yes um yeah so that's that's kind of 385 00:14:42,730 --> 00:14:40,010 the environment right and this is a this 386 00:14:44,590 --> 00:14:42,740 is a large galaxy that's a very old 387 00:14:47,170 --> 00:14:44,600 galaxy if its various political rights 388 00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:47,180 yes so elliptical galaxies as far as 389 00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:49,310 understanding is right now I've gone 390 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:53,360 through mergers and basically have are 391 00:14:58,330 --> 00:14:56,330 quite old and relaxed and if now kind of 392 00:14:59,770 --> 00:14:58,340 you know mixed up their stars into a 393 00:15:01,510 --> 00:14:59,780 nice little ball if you want to think of 394 00:15:03,310 --> 00:15:01,520 it like that so not the not the 395 00:15:07,090 --> 00:15:03,320 beautiful spiral like we live in but 396 00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:07,100 something much different okay so it's uh 397 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:10,310 and but but and crucially here there's 398 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:12,290 got enough material near this black hole 399 00:15:18,370 --> 00:15:15,290 to be feeding you right now right yes 400 00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:18,380 that is apparently the case of course 401 00:15:22,180 --> 00:15:20,240 it's always good to remind people that 402 00:15:23,860 --> 00:15:22,190 we don't have I mean Hubble is amazing 403 00:15:26,950 --> 00:15:23,870 but we don't have the resolution to like 404 00:15:29,290 --> 00:15:26,960 get all the way down and see in fine 405 00:15:32,140 --> 00:15:29,300 detail the accretion disk and in almost 406 00:15:33,370 --> 00:15:32,150 any of these systems that's still that's 407 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:33,380 still something that you know we're 408 00:15:36,410 --> 00:15:34,170 working on within 409 00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:36,420 mendation okay so so Cara let me ask you 410 00:15:41,030 --> 00:15:38,250 a quick question these these panels on 411 00:15:43,759 --> 00:15:41,040 the left is this all the same um oh can 412 00:15:48,110 --> 00:15:43,769 you put it back on track I now I'm 413 00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:48,120 looking at you I see Scott anyway these 414 00:15:52,879 --> 00:15:50,370 panels on the other right here this is 415 00:15:55,790 --> 00:15:52,889 all it says it so it's all wipsy of what 416 00:15:59,120 --> 00:15:55,800 the wide field camera in this this one f 417 00:16:03,379 --> 00:15:59,130 606 filter um is this all the same 418 00:16:05,269 --> 00:16:03,389 instrument you know so the left is 419 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:05,279 labeled correctly for that image though 420 00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:07,410 that's just for the galaxy sorry alright 421 00:16:11,389 --> 00:16:09,360 alright yeah cuz that would be 422 00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:11,399 impossible for those of you that know 423 00:16:18,650 --> 00:16:17,370 that 94 um like so the first three of 424 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:18,660 these images were taken with the 425 00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:21,930 venerable with pic to camera so that's 426 00:16:30,860 --> 00:16:25,440 the first three and then ACS was the the 427 00:16:31,730 --> 00:16:30,870 final epic um so yeah so these are these 428 00:16:33,650 --> 00:16:31,740 are actually mixing different 429 00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:33,660 instruments and slightly different 430 00:16:37,340 --> 00:16:35,430 filters although there as you can see 431 00:16:40,460 --> 00:16:37,350 that we've scaled them to all be roughly 432 00:16:42,019 --> 00:16:40,470 the same wavelength okay I don't know if 433 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:42,029 it's better to keep with this one or two 434 00:16:45,769 --> 00:16:44,370 go to the the image that Marcos sent us 435 00:16:47,569 --> 00:16:45,779 yesterday i'm not quite sure which is 436 00:16:49,430 --> 00:16:47,579 better the one with all the orange in 437 00:16:52,009 --> 00:16:49,440 its not there might be a better one I 438 00:16:53,660 --> 00:16:52,019 don't know that's a that's a nice one 439 00:16:56,569 --> 00:16:53,670 also because it's a bit more zoomed in 440 00:16:59,090 --> 00:16:56,579 yeah so yeah so getting to the jet 441 00:17:01,370 --> 00:16:59,100 itself we we saw four observations there 442 00:17:03,740 --> 00:17:01,380 over the course of the the past 20 years 443 00:17:06,679 --> 00:17:03,750 where was being is it in remit I 444 00:17:09,199 --> 00:17:06,689 actually have a question and so fast 445 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:09,209 role in to explain this so we were 446 00:17:13,579 --> 00:17:11,010 talking about elliptical galaxies but 447 00:17:21,890 --> 00:17:13,589 then we have this funny diske thing in 448 00:17:25,250 --> 00:17:21,900 the center so um is is a jet or jet like 449 00:17:27,380 --> 00:17:25,260 features in ellipticals a signature that 450 00:17:30,650 --> 00:17:27,390 there might be more structure than just 451 00:17:32,360 --> 00:17:30,660 smooth elliptical structure or do we 452 00:17:34,159 --> 00:17:32,370 know that there are ellipticals that 453 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:34,169 have structure that have no jets and 454 00:17:38,630 --> 00:17:35,610 have no black holes or how does that 455 00:17:40,940 --> 00:17:38,640 work I mean I know there's no rule for 456 00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:40,950 every elliptical galaxies but kind of 457 00:17:45,399 --> 00:17:43,110 what's the census of different kinds of 458 00:17:47,549 --> 00:17:45,409 elliptical galaxies and which ones have 459 00:17:50,159 --> 00:17:47,559 black holes and which one 460 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:50,169 have black holes or jets well so it's a 461 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:52,570 pretty confusing picture and you know 462 00:17:57,899 --> 00:17:54,850 you basically find other kinds of things 463 00:17:59,940 --> 00:17:57,909 that are not necessarily correlated with 464 00:18:03,210 --> 00:17:59,950 either the type of galaxies or the 465 00:18:05,249 --> 00:18:03,220 orientation of the galaxy the fact that 466 00:18:08,220 --> 00:18:05,259 there is a jet is believed to be 467 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:08,230 strongly correlated to rotation of the 468 00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:10,570 black hole so black holes have to form 469 00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:13,090 from something from material and most 470 00:18:16,860 --> 00:18:15,129 material in the universe is rotating so 471 00:18:19,019 --> 00:18:16,870 our earth goes around the Sun our Sun is 472 00:18:20,609 --> 00:18:19,029 rotating so whatever it is black hole 473 00:18:22,919 --> 00:18:20,619 forms from has probably had some sense 474 00:18:24,389 --> 00:18:22,929 of rotation to it and that means you end 475 00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:24,399 up with the black hole that as a spin 476 00:18:29,999 --> 00:18:27,039 axis and what tends to happen is that 477 00:18:31,499 --> 00:18:30,009 material comes in sort of an accretion 478 00:18:33,869 --> 00:18:31,509 disk that is perpendicular to this axis 479 00:18:35,399 --> 00:18:33,879 and through some mechanism that we don't 480 00:18:38,399 --> 00:18:35,409 fully understand that presumably 481 00:18:40,230 --> 00:18:38,409 involves magnetic fields some material 482 00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:40,240 gets expelled at very high velocities 483 00:18:44,820 --> 00:18:42,970 along that spin axis and a lot of people 484 00:18:47,249 --> 00:18:44,830 have looked into this question and it 485 00:18:49,019 --> 00:18:47,259 appears that the spin axis of the black 486 00:18:51,629 --> 00:18:49,029 hole or the orientation of the jet is 487 00:18:54,210 --> 00:18:51,639 not in any clearer way correlated with 488 00:18:57,350 --> 00:18:54,220 the orientation of the galaxy or maybe 489 00:19:01,139 --> 00:18:57,360 even the type of the galaxy Wow so a 490 00:19:03,570 --> 00:19:01,149 spiral galaxy galaxies can be active and 491 00:19:05,609 --> 00:19:03,580 they can both of jets and it's not it's 492 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:05,619 not that this very center is all that 493 00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:08,490 strongly correlated to the grand design 494 00:19:13,259 --> 00:19:11,200 features of the galaxy so in this 495 00:19:15,529 --> 00:19:13,269 particular galaxy we have this 496 00:19:19,859 --> 00:19:15,539 elliptical galaxy and then we have this 497 00:19:23,220 --> 00:19:19,869 diski spinning disk II thing and and the 498 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:23,230 jet then is somewhat perpendicular to 499 00:19:28,350 --> 00:19:25,330 that so it may be that disc e thing is 500 00:19:30,509 --> 00:19:28,360 actually a little tilted too right yeah 501 00:19:32,580 --> 00:19:30,519 we do we know if the elliptical galaxy 502 00:19:35,039 --> 00:19:32,590 is rotating in the same way or 503 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:35,049 completely different way or is there are 504 00:19:38,879 --> 00:19:37,450 there any studying spectroscopic studies 505 00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:38,889 of the galaxy itself to know its 506 00:19:42,450 --> 00:19:40,960 rotation I don't know for this 507 00:19:45,450 --> 00:19:42,460 particular galaxy but in general 508 00:19:47,340 --> 00:19:45,460 elliptical galaxies tend to be sort of 509 00:19:49,019 --> 00:19:47,350 the shape of an ellipse taste and sort 510 00:19:52,649 --> 00:19:49,029 of like a flattened football they do 511 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:52,659 tend in general saying 90% of yeah I'm 512 00:19:56,970 --> 00:19:54,850 to actually rotate in the sense that you 513 00:19:59,070 --> 00:19:56,980 would expect but some fractional 514 00:20:01,379 --> 00:19:59,080 galaxies actually rotate more like a 515 00:20:03,209 --> 00:20:01,389 cigar so they're like cigar shaped 516 00:20:05,639 --> 00:20:03,219 instead of like sort of like a frisbee 517 00:20:07,169 --> 00:20:05,649 so there is some variety until you do 518 00:20:08,579 --> 00:20:07,179 the measurement you can't really tell I 519 00:20:11,009 --> 00:20:08,589 don't know if it's been measured for 520 00:20:14,519 --> 00:20:11,019 this galaxy or no great great thanks 521 00:20:19,079 --> 00:20:14,529 alright so back to the graphics oh yeah 522 00:20:20,999 --> 00:20:19,089 so freaking ok so sorry know that we get 523 00:20:22,759 --> 00:20:21,009 the graphic I wanted to point out 524 00:20:25,049 --> 00:20:22,769 something really funny from Twitter 525 00:20:26,849 --> 00:20:25,059 because we are having some conversation 526 00:20:29,279 --> 00:20:26,859 this from Heather R colada or pillow not 527 00:20:30,959 --> 00:20:29,289 said that she would have a drinking game 528 00:20:39,569 --> 00:20:30,969 where they all do a shot when someone 529 00:20:43,739 --> 00:20:39,579 says accretion disc is coming out I'm 530 00:20:47,849 --> 00:20:43,749 drinking coffee this morning yellow or 531 00:20:49,829 --> 00:20:47,859 an Escrima shot look for that graphic we 532 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:49,839 were out there which i found i really 533 00:20:53,310 --> 00:20:51,369 like the color and this is wealthy 534 00:20:54,269 --> 00:20:53,320 really able to and in a way that we 535 00:20:57,239 --> 00:20:54,279 haven't all set up so you're actually 536 00:20:59,219 --> 00:20:57,249 able to see the movements over time okay 537 00:21:01,019 --> 00:20:59,229 so I'll have Eileen describe this to us 538 00:21:02,459 --> 00:21:01,029 this is these are the observations there 539 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:02,469 are some features in here why don't you 540 00:21:06,599 --> 00:21:04,690 describe what we're looking at uh right 541 00:21:08,430 --> 00:21:06,609 so if we start at the very top image 542 00:21:11,639 --> 00:21:08,440 which is how we first saw this jet and 543 00:21:13,409 --> 00:21:11,649 back in 94 so now we've zoomed in and 544 00:21:14,789 --> 00:21:13,419 we've kind of subtracted off the light 545 00:21:17,129 --> 00:21:14,799 from the galaxy just because it makes 546 00:21:19,229 --> 00:21:17,139 things stand out a little better and off 547 00:21:21,419 --> 00:21:19,239 to the left there's a little white cross 548 00:21:23,789 --> 00:21:21,429 might look like a dot to saw you that's 549 00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:23,799 actually where the black hole is and 550 00:21:28,139 --> 00:21:25,450 it's actually very bright at that 551 00:21:30,239 --> 00:21:28,149 location so we also subtracted off the 552 00:21:32,579 --> 00:21:30,249 the light from the core the this is this 553 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:32,589 black hole also so that we could see the 554 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:34,570 jet better so that's why that left side 555 00:21:40,079 --> 00:21:37,690 is kind of dark so the jet is coming 556 00:21:43,409 --> 00:21:40,089 from the left rather and moving to the 557 00:21:47,759 --> 00:21:43,419 right and you see 4 knots and these are 558 00:21:51,709 --> 00:21:47,769 creatively naval labeled ABCD and nice 559 00:21:56,430 --> 00:21:51,719 as you will see a blue and back in 96 560 00:22:00,479 --> 00:21:56,440 2000-2014 and very obviously the middle 561 00:22:03,449 --> 00:22:00,489 not here which is not be uh was moving 562 00:22:05,369 --> 00:22:03,459 very very rapidly and we tracked this 563 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:05,379 the speed and we measured it we found 564 00:22:10,289 --> 00:22:07,690 that it's it appears to be seven times 565 00:22:12,839 --> 00:22:10,299 the speed of light okay what do you mean 566 00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:12,849 appears to be it appears to be because 567 00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:15,200 as we know I hope all of us 568 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:16,940 I've accepted that nothing moves faster 569 00:22:20,289 --> 00:22:19,130 than the speed of light so that means 570 00:22:22,990 --> 00:22:20,299 that this is actually an optical 571 00:22:24,850 --> 00:22:23,000 illusion this is something that's due to 572 00:22:27,009 --> 00:22:24,860 the Doppler effect it's kind of 573 00:22:29,259 --> 00:22:27,019 analogous to the way sounds get higher 574 00:22:30,580 --> 00:22:29,269 pitched when when like you know an 575 00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:30,590 ambulance or something is coming towards 576 00:22:34,060 --> 00:22:32,480 you same sort of thing happens here 577 00:22:36,279 --> 00:22:34,070 because again remember that this jet is 578 00:22:37,930 --> 00:22:36,289 actually pointed almost directly on our 579 00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:37,940 line of sight right there's a big line 580 00:22:41,680 --> 00:22:39,710 of sight component here and it's moving 581 00:22:45,070 --> 00:22:41,690 at something like ninety-eight percent 582 00:22:47,740 --> 00:22:45,080 the speed of light in real speed and 583 00:22:49,720 --> 00:22:47,750 what happens is as soon as a the light 584 00:22:51,909 --> 00:22:49,730 leaves one of these blobs as its 585 00:22:54,310 --> 00:22:51,919 traveling it literally catches up to its 586 00:22:56,379 --> 00:22:54,320 own light so by the time we observe this 587 00:22:58,360 --> 00:22:56,389 sequence of events on earth the whole 588 00:23:01,899 --> 00:22:58,370 time series is sped up and it looks 589 00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:01,909 faster than it really is so let's say 590 00:23:06,399 --> 00:23:04,850 that again just really clearly yes this 591 00:23:08,769 --> 00:23:06,409 is an effect of the fact that it's 592 00:23:11,169 --> 00:23:08,779 coming towards us yeah it appears to be 593 00:23:14,620 --> 00:23:11,179 going faster than life but don't gives 594 00:23:16,060 --> 00:23:14,630 but it is not so okay yes ninety-eight 595 00:23:17,919 --> 00:23:16,070 percent this thing that's what my real 596 00:23:20,230 --> 00:23:17,929 speed real speed is about ninety-eight 597 00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:20,240 percent the speed of light yeah so with 598 00:23:24,279 --> 00:23:22,370 it's not like back to the future some 599 00:23:27,250 --> 00:23:24,289 and that's what's being spaghettified in 600 00:23:29,379 --> 00:23:27,260 a big black hole nothing like that no 601 00:23:30,789 --> 00:23:29,389 that's it's just because is it because 602 00:23:33,580 --> 00:23:30,799 it's blue shifting towards us so we 603 00:23:36,039 --> 00:23:33,590 here's to be going faster so it's hard 604 00:23:37,629 --> 00:23:36,049 to differentiate with the with the light 605 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:37,639 that we're observing or what's going on 606 00:23:45,039 --> 00:23:40,850 with that ah yeah I mean basically you 607 00:23:46,570 --> 00:23:45,049 you see things happen faster than if you 608 00:23:48,190 --> 00:23:46,580 were looking at this at a different 609 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:48,200 angle say so let's say that this was in 610 00:23:53,019 --> 00:23:50,570 the 90 degrees to us we would see it 611 00:23:55,029 --> 00:23:53,029 moving close to one seat we would see it 612 00:23:58,269 --> 00:23:55,039 at its real speed so it's it's all 613 00:23:59,980 --> 00:23:58,279 dependent on that angle um that makes to 614 00:24:02,019 --> 00:23:59,990 the line of sight and the acceleration 615 00:24:03,610 --> 00:24:02,029 that's causing this what's what's 616 00:24:06,009 --> 00:24:03,620 causing it to go with these speeds is 617 00:24:07,870 --> 00:24:06,019 the rate at which is falling into the 618 00:24:10,990 --> 00:24:07,880 accretion disk and then being ejected 619 00:24:12,399 --> 00:24:11,000 back out again right uh no but if you if 620 00:24:18,279 --> 00:24:12,409 you find out the answer that's another 621 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:18,289 nature papers alright maybe next time 622 00:24:22,299 --> 00:24:20,450 out okay so there's a really great 623 00:24:25,180 --> 00:24:22,309 animation that helps to show us these 624 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:25,190 yes yes I'm so let's move on to that and 625 00:24:30,580 --> 00:24:28,730 while Scott's pulling that up the so 626 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:30,590 these things there are these knots i 627 00:24:33,879 --> 00:24:31,850 mean everybody you should you pointed 628 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:33,889 them out already are these I what do you 629 00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:35,330 think's causing that what do you think's 630 00:24:40,450 --> 00:24:38,870 causing those features uh I like one of 631 00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:40,460 the other answer because I've been okay 632 00:24:45,369 --> 00:24:42,169 all right how about how about you Marcus 633 00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:45,379 let me get you in on that yeah yes so to 634 00:24:49,539 --> 00:24:47,510 make one of these nodes you need to 635 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:49,549 increase the activity of the central 636 00:24:55,539 --> 00:24:52,570 source for some time so imagine have a 637 00:24:59,320 --> 00:24:55,549 the black hole producing this outflow 638 00:25:01,750 --> 00:24:59,330 and for some time the input on the black 639 00:25:04,289 --> 00:25:01,760 hole gets higher so the black hole is 640 00:25:07,210 --> 00:25:04,299 gonna dump more material into the jet 641 00:25:09,340 --> 00:25:07,220 then the black hole is going to go box 642 00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:09,350 which initial state and this additional 643 00:25:16,779 --> 00:25:13,190 material will march forward as an entity 644 00:25:22,930 --> 00:25:16,789 that we call a blog haha yes the 645 00:25:30,940 --> 00:25:22,940 technical jargon I may have fun is that 646 00:25:32,619 --> 00:25:30,950 an acronym be today okay so Scott has 647 00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:32,629 the animation up now and here we can 648 00:25:37,060 --> 00:25:35,090 kind of see the blobs as Marcos has 649 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:37,070 dubbed that's coined that term I used 650 00:25:46,060 --> 00:25:43,250 for the first time oh yeah so here we 651 00:25:47,860 --> 00:25:46,070 can kind of see that so one of the blobs 652 00:25:51,639 --> 00:25:47,870 I think you said it was blob be kind of 653 00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:51,649 smashes into one blob see the one just 654 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:54,230 downstream so it's more just a lot of it 655 00:25:59,139 --> 00:25:55,970 the one just in front of it is actually 656 00:26:00,610 --> 00:25:59,149 also what we call superluminal or faster 657 00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:00,620 than light it's moving at about two 658 00:26:06,250 --> 00:26:03,110 times the speed of light but because the 659 00:26:08,139 --> 00:26:06,260 other was faster it's a it's it's 660 00:26:10,629 --> 00:26:08,149 colliding with it you know just like a 661 00:26:12,369 --> 00:26:10,639 car wreck so it's a it's not slowing 662 00:26:15,029 --> 00:26:12,379 down so it runs right into the back of 663 00:26:17,619 --> 00:26:15,039 it so that's what you're seeing happen 664 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:17,629 in the final frame you kind of see how 665 00:26:23,769 --> 00:26:20,330 it becomes one blob and gets bright and 666 00:26:25,389 --> 00:26:23,779 that's that's the collision in action so 667 00:26:26,889 --> 00:26:25,399 I know that we've stopped in 2014 and 668 00:26:28,659 --> 00:26:26,899 that's the last frame we have of this 669 00:26:30,279 --> 00:26:28,669 but do you think it's going to overtake 670 00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:30,289 it or or is it just going to keep 671 00:26:34,360 --> 00:26:32,090 pushing the whole mess forward is it 672 00:26:37,180 --> 00:26:34,370 just gonna now we have super blob 673 00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:37,190 I'll get credit for that now we're kind 674 00:26:40,090 --> 00:26:38,660 of in an uncharted territory so that's 675 00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:40,100 kind of why this was a fake result is 676 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:41,330 we've never seen anything like this 677 00:26:48,430 --> 00:26:43,970 before but we think it's going to take 678 00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:48,440 about 30 years of our time to for this 679 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:51,110 to evolve and to see exactly what 680 00:26:54,790 --> 00:26:52,850 happens but what should happen if the 681 00:26:57,670 --> 00:26:54,800 theory is correct is that they should 682 00:26:59,710 --> 00:26:57,680 merge and then move downstream with a 683 00:27:01,450 --> 00:26:59,720 slightly slower speed somewhere in 684 00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:01,460 between the two speeds that they they 685 00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:05,390 initially had and and it'll keep moving 686 00:27:12,970 --> 00:27:08,240 out so so this explains why Roland is 687 00:27:16,810 --> 00:27:12,980 the mission head for W for future 688 00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:16,820 telescope yes yeah we need we need to 689 00:27:21,490 --> 00:27:19,250 continue taking pictures yeah so let me 690 00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:21,500 actually point something out that may 691 00:27:25,690 --> 00:27:22,850 not be immediately obvious when you look 692 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:25,700 at this so it's actually true in 693 00:27:30,430 --> 00:27:27,650 astronomy that the sort of the natural 694 00:27:33,580 --> 00:27:30,440 timescale for most things to evolve is 695 00:27:35,740 --> 00:27:33,590 very long so of course you know the 696 00:27:37,870 --> 00:27:35,750 earth takes a year to go around the Sun 697 00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:37,880 but most things that we look at you know 698 00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:40,340 other galaxies for example are much 699 00:27:44,260 --> 00:27:42,080 bigger and the timescale sort of scale 700 00:27:46,660 --> 00:27:44,270 with the size of the system so typically 701 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:46,670 most things change only over scales of 702 00:27:50,530 --> 00:27:48,890 millions of years which means it as a 703 00:27:52,690 --> 00:27:50,540 human if we take a picture and we take 704 00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:52,700 another picture a decade later things 705 00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:55,130 look exactly identical so the fact that 706 00:27:57,970 --> 00:27:56,510 we're actually looking at something here 707 00:28:00,820 --> 00:27:57,980 that actually looks different is 708 00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:00,830 actually quite remarkable and what is 709 00:28:04,930 --> 00:28:03,050 particularly remarkable is that it is 710 00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:04,940 true that you can see things change but 711 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:07,100 typically they have to be closed by so 712 00:28:12,100 --> 00:28:09,890 most of the measurements like this that 713 00:28:14,140 --> 00:28:12,110 have been done our measurements in our 714 00:28:16,330 --> 00:28:14,150 own Milky Way that's been done already 715 00:28:17,770 --> 00:28:16,340 you know century ago we're very close to 716 00:28:20,470 --> 00:28:17,780 the Sun other stars you can see them 717 00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:20,480 slowly move on the sky with Hubble you 718 00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:22,910 can do such precise measurements that 719 00:28:26,260 --> 00:28:24,650 we've now actually been able to do such 720 00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:26,270 measurements where we see stars moving 721 00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:29,150 for example in our local group so that's 722 00:28:32,799 --> 00:28:30,710 basically still within you know a 723 00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:32,809 million light-years from where we are 724 00:28:38,260 --> 00:28:36,290 now this thing is actually almost you 725 00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:38,270 know a few hundred million light-years 726 00:28:42,850 --> 00:28:41,330 away which means that the only reason we 727 00:28:45,250 --> 00:28:42,860 see something move here is because it's 728 00:28:47,380 --> 00:28:45,260 going so fast it's really going you know 729 00:28:48,169 --> 00:28:47,390 at almost the speed of light it appears 730 00:28:50,359 --> 00:28:48,179 to be going even 731 00:28:52,999 --> 00:28:50,369 faster that's why we can do this so far 732 00:28:55,669 --> 00:28:53,009 away typically you know anything else 733 00:28:57,649 --> 00:28:55,679 that you look at this distance will look 734 00:28:58,970 --> 00:28:57,659 just the same if you look at it now or 735 00:29:00,919 --> 00:28:58,980 you look at it five hundred years from 736 00:29:02,359 --> 00:29:00,929 now so this is actually quite remarkable 737 00:29:04,489 --> 00:29:02,369 that this can be done and it's really 738 00:29:06,289 --> 00:29:04,499 only Hubble that allows you to do this 739 00:29:09,049 --> 00:29:06,299 at this point because you need this very 740 00:29:10,909 --> 00:29:09,059 sharp images and as cal points out you 741 00:29:14,269 --> 00:29:10,919 know if if helpful were to disappear at 742 00:29:16,159 --> 00:29:14,279 some point and you know if NASA or other 743 00:29:17,980 --> 00:29:16,169 space agencies continue to run future 744 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:17,990 telescopes with similar you know 745 00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:20,730 sharpness of images we will be able to 746 00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:22,710 continue to follow how this evolves over 747 00:29:26,330 --> 00:29:24,240 time which is really a very exciting 748 00:29:28,369 --> 00:29:26,340 prospect so how bright is this stuff in 749 00:29:31,460 --> 00:29:28,379 the infrared because JWST is primarily 750 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:31,470 infrared 90 w first will be 12 so can 751 00:29:35,899 --> 00:29:33,090 will this be some follow up the 752 00:29:38,359 --> 00:29:35,909 opportunities there or seem to be in the 753 00:29:40,549 --> 00:29:38,369 optical and above no no I mean this is 754 00:29:42,049 --> 00:29:40,559 so this is synchrotron emission which 755 00:29:44,450 --> 00:29:42,059 you don't have to know exactly how that 756 00:29:46,970 --> 00:29:44,460 works but it's a very broad spectrum so 757 00:29:50,060 --> 00:29:46,980 things change slowly as you change 758 00:29:52,789 --> 00:29:50,070 wavelengths so if you have a if you have 759 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:52,799 HSC resolution but it an infrared band 760 00:29:58,310 --> 00:29:56,730 it should be fine there's there you 761 00:29:59,389 --> 00:29:58,320 can't make me take that to extremes you 762 00:30:01,009 --> 00:29:59,399 wouldn't want to shift all the way up to 763 00:30:03,769 --> 00:30:01,019 x-rays because then you actually might 764 00:30:06,769 --> 00:30:03,779 start probing changes within the jet in 765 00:30:08,090 --> 00:30:06,779 terms of where x-ray emitting portions 766 00:30:11,090 --> 00:30:08,100 are and where the optical is but 767 00:30:12,529 --> 00:30:11,100 infrared is fine good answer well that's 768 00:30:14,419 --> 00:30:12,539 good that definitely that'll be some 769 00:30:18,830 --> 00:30:14,429 follow-up it seems your observations and 770 00:30:21,289 --> 00:30:18,840 so with the blob analogy oh no oh yeah I 771 00:30:23,119 --> 00:30:21,299 began to put up on Twitter so this is ma 772 00:30:31,850 --> 00:30:23,129 is it black hole illuminates ongoing 773 00:30:34,519 --> 00:30:31,860 bombardment and those and for those 774 00:30:39,499 --> 00:30:34,529 planes drinking game accretion disk ok 775 00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:39,509 so we pres we just get a comment in here 776 00:30:43,249 --> 00:30:41,970 real quick from YouTube this is relevant 777 00:30:46,279 --> 00:30:43,259 to what you're just saying about these 778 00:30:49,190 --> 00:30:46,289 stuff the blob smashing into each other 779 00:30:50,899 --> 00:30:49,200 he's asking is there fusion going on in 780 00:30:52,220 --> 00:30:50,909 these particle collisions in other words 781 00:30:55,190 --> 00:30:52,230 are they hitting each other with enough 782 00:30:58,879 --> 00:30:55,200 force to maybe do some to maybe call 783 00:31:00,289 --> 00:30:58,889 some fusion reactions and the so that's 784 00:31:01,910 --> 00:31:00,299 that's a fighting because it's hard to 785 00:31:03,650 --> 00:31:01,920 imagine what the environment 786 00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:03,660 out there is life but the the densities 787 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:05,960 we're talking about are incredibly low 788 00:31:12,140 --> 00:31:08,010 compared to the kind of densities that 789 00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:12,150 you need for fusion so the answer is no 790 00:31:19,190 --> 00:31:17,700 definitely no oh but but there you know 791 00:31:21,140 --> 00:31:19,200 it's still a very extreme state of 792 00:31:23,750 --> 00:31:21,150 matter if that's any consolation so it's 793 00:31:24,950 --> 00:31:23,760 we're still talking about particles 794 00:31:27,530 --> 00:31:24,960 charged particles that have been 795 00:31:29,180 --> 00:31:27,540 accelerated to have energies up to a te 796 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:29,190 vea dat tera electron volt so that's 797 00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:30,810 it's very very high we're talking like 798 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:34,260 you know LHC quantities so okay well 799 00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:36,330 that is that is a consolation thank you 800 00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:38,490 finally feeling in extreme matter at 801 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:39,750 this point that's all i can think in 802 00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:44,610 terms of now so ok so the lips there was 803 00:31:48,260 --> 00:31:45,930 another question I wanted to get to on 804 00:31:52,970 --> 00:31:48,270 the QA app real quick that I have to 805 00:31:58,910 --> 00:31:52,980 pull up real fast okay this is from okay 806 00:32:02,000 --> 00:31:58,920 hisses from fubar Gorch really Lisa 807 00:32:06,470 --> 00:32:02,010 wasn't spelled the way it meant to so it 808 00:32:08,420 --> 00:32:06,480 could be something else you get flown in 809 00:32:10,460 --> 00:32:08,430 these jets as a whole characterized 810 00:32:12,170 --> 00:32:10,470 without a laminar turbulent are the 811 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:12,180 block other velocity gradients doesn't 812 00:32:15,710 --> 00:32:14,490 have a vorticity do the rotation of the 813 00:32:17,510 --> 00:32:15,720 accretion disk wow that's a good 814 00:32:19,370 --> 00:32:17,520 question these are very sessions and 815 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:19,380 this can be studied using observations 816 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:21,810 other than red shift or proper motion 817 00:32:27,110 --> 00:32:24,690 wow really good foobar door dr. shake 818 00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:27,120 that anybody want to take that I'll let 819 00:32:32,330 --> 00:32:29,730 let one of the others talk about okay 820 00:32:33,380 --> 00:32:32,340 who wants that so start with a you know 821 00:32:34,790 --> 00:32:33,390 we've already talked a little bit about 822 00:32:37,220 --> 00:32:34,800 whether they're laminar or not you know 823 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:37,230 Marcos was saying that that they you 824 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:39,690 know that long as the stream of material 825 00:32:43,940 --> 00:32:41,730 going into the black hole is relatively 826 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:43,950 steady then the stream of the jet will 827 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:45,210 be kind of steady but if it gets kind of 828 00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:46,770 clumping in any way falling into the 829 00:32:50,630 --> 00:32:48,510 black hole then you get these clumps 830 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:50,640 going out of work for blobs as we as 831 00:32:55,850 --> 00:32:53,730 we've coined them in this hangout so not 832 00:32:57,410 --> 00:32:55,860 so this one is I can think you could 833 00:33:00,350 --> 00:32:57,420 definitely it's not a laminar flow not 834 00:33:01,820 --> 00:33:00,360 smooth flow right no that's right and 835 00:33:04,430 --> 00:33:01,830 there's another thing that we are 836 00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:04,440 finding is working there not only in 837 00:33:10,580 --> 00:33:07,710 this galaxy by in many days you may have 838 00:33:13,340 --> 00:33:10,590 a fast spine in the flow in the slower 839 00:33:15,769 --> 00:33:13,350 surrounding ship so the inner part of 840 00:33:17,930 --> 00:33:15,779 the jet is faster than the outer part 841 00:33:20,389 --> 00:33:17,940 and there is a gradient there is a 842 00:33:22,339 --> 00:33:20,399 gradient in velocity as you go from the 843 00:33:26,509 --> 00:33:22,349 center of the of the debt from the spine 844 00:33:27,709 --> 00:33:26,519 of the debt to the periphery Wow yeah 845 00:33:30,259 --> 00:33:27,719 and another thing that's may be 846 00:33:31,999 --> 00:33:30,269 interesting to point out is that this is 847 00:33:34,369 --> 00:33:32,009 not actually the first jet for which 848 00:33:36,279 --> 00:33:34,379 Eileen has done these measurements she 849 00:33:39,529 --> 00:33:36,289 previously wrote a paper a few years ago 850 00:33:41,180 --> 00:33:39,539 with some of the same group of people on 851 00:33:44,060 --> 00:33:41,190 another galaxy which is much closer by 852 00:33:46,249 --> 00:33:44,070 but also as a jet that can be seen and 853 00:33:48,529 --> 00:33:46,259 there we actually found that the jet 854 00:33:50,329 --> 00:33:48,539 appears to be wiggling a little so if 855 00:33:51,950 --> 00:33:50,339 you think of it in the analogy of like a 856 00:33:53,629 --> 00:33:51,960 garden hose it's like if you have a 857 00:33:55,820 --> 00:33:53,639 garden hose and you hold it still it'll 858 00:33:57,709 --> 00:33:55,830 just spray a straight jet but if you 859 00:34:00,049 --> 00:33:57,719 sort of wiggle it you'll get something 860 00:34:01,430 --> 00:34:00,059 that sort of goes like a helix and we 861 00:34:03,950 --> 00:34:01,440 actually found some evidence in that 862 00:34:05,779 --> 00:34:03,960 particular galaxy for that so certainly 863 00:34:07,759 --> 00:34:05,789 you know a jet isn't necessarily just a 864 00:34:09,889 --> 00:34:07,769 simple straight thing there might be 865 00:34:11,510 --> 00:34:09,899 other physics going on that we can 866 00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:11,520 actually pro for the observations of 867 00:34:15,529 --> 00:34:14,190 this kind ya know what what what about 868 00:34:19,159 --> 00:34:15,539 the last part of this question cadiz to 869 00:34:21,019 --> 00:34:19,169 be studied using a observations other 870 00:34:24,079 --> 00:34:21,029 than I guess you didn't gather the 871 00:34:25,700 --> 00:34:24,089 redshift or proper motion I guess these 872 00:34:27,619 --> 00:34:25,710 were just basically looking at the blobs 873 00:34:29,899 --> 00:34:27,629 themselves and you corrected you use red 874 00:34:30,919 --> 00:34:29,909 shift to correct it for the speed but 875 00:34:33,139 --> 00:34:30,929 they weren't really used in the 876 00:34:35,299 --> 00:34:33,149 observations themselves right yes 877 00:34:39,019 --> 00:34:35,309 section themselves right okay good 878 00:34:41,059 --> 00:34:39,029 question that was nice okay so uh Dan 879 00:34:43,159 --> 00:34:41,069 Buddha is asking also on the Q&A app is 880 00:34:46,909 --> 00:34:43,169 this the first galaxy of this kind I 881 00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:46,919 he's talking about NGC 3862 itself is 882 00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:48,720 this the first gathered for the first 883 00:34:54,260 --> 00:34:51,599 elliptical galaxy of this kind I know I 884 00:34:56,869 --> 00:34:54,270 would say it's incredibly typical for 885 00:34:59,720 --> 00:34:56,879 this class of source it's very very 886 00:35:01,279 --> 00:34:59,730 often so that's that's a small caveat to 887 00:35:04,190 --> 00:35:01,289 what Roland said earlier which is that 888 00:35:06,049 --> 00:35:04,200 you there is a tendency for some of 889 00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:06,059 these kind of wimpy jets which this one 890 00:35:10,609 --> 00:35:07,470 is actually classified as kind of a 891 00:35:12,980 --> 00:35:10,619 wimpy jet to be in these big massive 892 00:35:16,250 --> 00:35:12,990 elliptical galaxies that are highly 893 00:35:18,289 --> 00:35:16,260 evolved and a bit older but not one 894 00:35:19,819 --> 00:35:18,299 percent so that's just it's a tendency 895 00:35:22,579 --> 00:35:19,829 but not a you know a hundred percent 896 00:35:24,349 --> 00:35:22,589 correlation but in general if you find a 897 00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:24,359 radio Chet that's like this and then you 898 00:35:28,220 --> 00:35:25,890 look at the optical to see what's oh 899 00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:28,230 what host galaxy is it in that's a very 900 00:35:31,690 --> 00:35:28,970 typical host 901 00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:31,700 galaxy okay good your question good 902 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:33,530 question damn so uh Scott you see 903 00:35:38,950 --> 00:35:35,450 anything on Twitter other than you were 904 00:35:43,750 --> 00:35:38,960 inventing acronyms more than me why 905 00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:43,760 would I only do that um a lot there's 906 00:35:47,770 --> 00:35:45,770 been just a lot of really great activity 907 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:47,780 what you know retweet and cleaning out 908 00:35:55,810 --> 00:35:51,290 there uh Brian of Magnum which is what's 909 00:35:57,580 --> 00:35:55,820 his Twitter handle but up magnetic he's 910 00:35:59,980 --> 00:35:57,590 down with the espresso shots so it's 911 00:36:03,339 --> 00:35:59,990 okay for doing special shouts never 912 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:03,349 accretion disk is set on air so i didn't 913 00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:06,890 have some more caffeine everybody yes 914 00:36:15,070 --> 00:36:11,530 absolutely accretion disk ok so the 915 00:36:18,099 --> 00:36:15,080 these so you we mention you i think it 916 00:36:20,830 --> 00:36:18,109 was a think it was Roland who said that 917 00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:20,840 you the time scales of this or 30 years 918 00:36:26,290 --> 00:36:24,530 or so or is it make any sense to do me 919 00:36:28,270 --> 00:36:26,300 any more Hubble observations and then in 920 00:36:31,890 --> 00:36:28,280 the near future or are there any plans 921 00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:31,900 to do that to look back at this thing 922 00:36:37,390 --> 00:36:34,430 yeah hot does it make sense to wait 923 00:36:40,530 --> 00:36:37,400 until some more some more just give us 924 00:36:43,060 --> 00:36:40,540 some time though really you are joking 925 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:43,070 well so I think if you ask any 926 00:36:51,609 --> 00:36:45,050 astronomer would you like more double 927 00:36:54,190 --> 00:36:51,619 observing time no back on my all the 928 00:36:58,870 --> 00:36:54,200 time actually I've got a little too 929 00:37:00,280 --> 00:36:58,880 addicted to it so but may be a good 930 00:37:01,870 --> 00:37:00,290 thing to point out may be a good thing 931 00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:01,880 to point out because not everyone in the 932 00:37:05,589 --> 00:37:03,500 audience may know how this works but of 933 00:37:07,870 --> 00:37:05,599 course you know Hubble is a telescope 934 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:07,880 that you know was built by NASA with 935 00:37:12,820 --> 00:37:09,770 collaboration from iza European Space 936 00:37:15,220 --> 00:37:12,830 Agency and pretty much any astronomer on 937 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:15,230 the world can you know put in a proposal 938 00:37:18,790 --> 00:37:16,970 once a year there is a call for 939 00:37:21,310 --> 00:37:18,800 proposals anyone can propose and say hey 940 00:37:23,260 --> 00:37:21,320 if you give me a few hours or a few days 941 00:37:26,079 --> 00:37:23,270 of time on this telescope I would like 942 00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:26,089 to do X and then once a year there is 943 00:37:28,780 --> 00:37:27,290 this set of committees that comes 944 00:37:30,910 --> 00:37:28,790 together and picks what they consider 945 00:37:33,579 --> 00:37:30,920 you know the best and you know most 946 00:37:35,349 --> 00:37:33,589 meritorious science so it's a 947 00:37:37,150 --> 00:37:35,359 competitive process so obviously we'd 948 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:37,160 like to keep following you know these 949 00:37:40,950 --> 00:37:38,930 blobs and you know if we get an 950 00:37:43,460 --> 00:37:40,960 observation every week that'd be great 951 00:37:45,650 --> 00:37:43,470 but the bottom line is there's very 952 00:37:48,010 --> 00:37:45,660 strong competition so I think there's a 953 00:37:50,690 --> 00:37:48,020 very good case to keep looking at this 954 00:37:52,339 --> 00:37:50,700 object but of course since the time 955 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:52,349 scale for it to evolve is you know 956 00:37:56,420 --> 00:37:55,170 decades you know we'd love to look again 957 00:37:58,040 --> 00:37:56,430 next year there's other kinds of 958 00:37:59,510 --> 00:37:58,050 observations we haven't done yet so far 959 00:38:01,099 --> 00:37:59,520 we've done only straight imaging you 960 00:38:03,580 --> 00:38:01,109 know you might think about you know 961 00:38:06,230 --> 00:38:03,590 polarimetry other wave bands whatever 962 00:38:07,940 --> 00:38:06,240 but we'll have to compete and you know 963 00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:07,950 given that it evolves over time scale of 964 00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:09,690 decades you know it's probably hard to 965 00:38:13,250 --> 00:38:11,250 make a case to keep doing it every year 966 00:38:17,060 --> 00:38:13,260 for the next 30 years because that means 967 00:38:18,859 --> 00:38:17,070 their care is not gonna be done yes that 968 00:38:20,450 --> 00:38:18,869 would yep so yeah we've had we actually 969 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:20,460 had hangouts on what it's like to try 970 00:38:26,599 --> 00:38:23,010 that's what it was one year ago and so 971 00:38:29,930 --> 00:38:26,609 in June the review panel will be back 972 00:38:32,270 --> 00:38:29,940 yes looking at the next round so we're 973 00:38:36,740 --> 00:38:32,280 there showing up in Baltimore pretty 974 00:38:38,990 --> 00:38:36,750 soon yes right and we have asked for for 975 00:38:41,060 --> 00:38:39,000 time to look for you know to get more 976 00:38:42,460 --> 00:38:41,070 observations and just to explain why a 977 00:38:44,720 --> 00:38:42,470 little bit why we would want to do that 978 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:44,730 um you know you might say well you see 979 00:38:47,690 --> 00:38:45,930 that as colliding is it still 980 00:38:49,310 --> 00:38:47,700 interesting after that and the answer is 981 00:38:51,530 --> 00:38:49,320 it is still interesting because we're 982 00:38:53,329 --> 00:38:51,540 actually seeing is frightening so we see 983 00:38:55,310 --> 00:38:53,339 this not getting brighter and that means 984 00:38:57,260 --> 00:38:55,320 that particles are getting energized and 985 00:38:59,420 --> 00:38:57,270 one of the unknowns in our theories is 986 00:39:00,980 --> 00:38:59,430 how efficient that is so we want to keep 987 00:39:04,370 --> 00:39:00,990 tracking it maybe not every year every 988 00:39:06,290 --> 00:39:04,380 other year to see how much brighter that 989 00:39:09,109 --> 00:39:06,300 not gets over the over this 30-year 990 00:39:10,640 --> 00:39:09,119 timescale I remembered one thing I 991 00:39:12,410 --> 00:39:10,650 wanted to bring that before I go back to 992 00:39:16,099 --> 00:39:12,420 this question from from Ron Smith on 993 00:39:18,589 --> 00:39:16,109 YouTube but the these these these Jets 994 00:39:21,530 --> 00:39:18,599 are kind of sculpted by magnetic fields 995 00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:21,540 and I do do we have a sense of just what 996 00:39:24,740 --> 00:39:23,490 these things might have are they well 997 00:39:26,780 --> 00:39:24,750 let me start with a more basic question 998 00:39:28,339 --> 00:39:26,790 are they would they originate from just 999 00:39:30,140 --> 00:39:28,349 the spin of the black hole itself 1000 00:39:32,150 --> 00:39:30,150 because the accretion disk has charged 1001 00:39:34,430 --> 00:39:32,160 particles in it or do we know a source 1002 00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:34,440 for this magnetic field or how strong it 1003 00:39:38,420 --> 00:39:36,210 is are there any is there anything we 1004 00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:38,430 know about the magnetic fields of black 1005 00:39:44,870 --> 00:39:42,990 holes it is a mystery it's somewhere 1006 00:39:46,579 --> 00:39:44,880 between knowing in a mystery all markers 1007 00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:46,589 probably a good person have answered 1008 00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:49,710 okay Marcos yeah so what we what we 1009 00:39:54,589 --> 00:39:51,690 believe right now is that this magnetic 1010 00:39:56,750 --> 00:39:54,599 field is magnetic field that was carried 1011 00:39:57,260 --> 00:39:56,760 through the act with the accretion disk 1012 00:40:00,230 --> 00:39:57,270 in 1013 00:40:02,750 --> 00:40:00,240 black hole and we have essentially to 1014 00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:02,760 magnetic fields one permeating the black 1015 00:40:07,550 --> 00:40:05,310 hole and the other permeating the 1016 00:40:09,260 --> 00:40:07,560 accretion disk so you can think of the 1017 00:40:12,950 --> 00:40:09,270 magnetic field as a spaghetti structure 1018 00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:12,960 that is orthogonal or at right angles to 1019 00:40:19,130 --> 00:40:15,510 the accretion list so we have this and 1020 00:40:21,740 --> 00:40:19,140 have a spaghetti coming out and this is 1021 00:40:24,290 --> 00:40:21,750 the now that disc is rotating so this 1022 00:40:25,970 --> 00:40:24,300 spaghetti is going to be twisted just 1023 00:40:31,730 --> 00:40:25,980 really complicated and give us this 1024 00:40:33,290 --> 00:40:31,740 helical helical structure in sewing in 1025 00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:33,300 the other a regular Alex Italian 1026 00:40:38,030 --> 00:40:34,890 observed and it has been seen in a few 1027 00:40:40,010 --> 00:40:38,040 more suitcases few more sauce and is it 1028 00:40:41,930 --> 00:40:40,020 due primarily to charged particles and 1029 00:40:44,540 --> 00:40:41,940 then you trika chrétien disk or does it 1030 00:40:45,830 --> 00:40:44,550 come from somewhere else knows you know 1031 00:40:49,220 --> 00:40:45,840 the tourist particle you move but you 1032 00:40:51,770 --> 00:40:49,230 move a tour charge through medium you'll 1033 00:40:54,020 --> 00:40:51,780 get on a magnetic field there like that 1034 00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:54,030 or is that too simple it is because you 1035 00:40:57,830 --> 00:40:55,830 can you can feel the accretion disk as 1036 00:41:00,620 --> 00:40:57,840 plasma which is a collection of charged 1037 00:41:02,570 --> 00:41:00,630 particles right okay alright great so 1038 00:41:05,030 --> 00:41:02,580 and but but as far as anything else 1039 00:41:07,670 --> 00:41:05,040 about it it's still TBD right you just 1040 00:41:09,050 --> 00:41:07,680 gotta figure out tonight right okay so 1041 00:41:11,270 --> 00:41:09,060 Ron Smith is asking an interesting 1042 00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:11,280 question i kind of like to elaborate a 1043 00:41:15,410 --> 00:41:13,230 little more on this he's asking if it's 1044 00:41:17,900 --> 00:41:15,420 an apparent speed this is referring to 1045 00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:17,910 the blobs i guess and the superluminal 1046 00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:20,490 apparent speed how can it catch up and 1047 00:41:23,780 --> 00:41:22,350 crash into the blob there's actually two 1048 00:41:26,210 --> 00:41:23,790 parts of that right there's the fact 1049 00:41:27,530 --> 00:41:26,220 that it's an apparent ease you need and 1050 00:41:29,150 --> 00:41:27,540 then there's the fact that really is 1051 00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:29,160 going faster than the blob ahead of it 1052 00:41:34,070 --> 00:41:30,930 right yeah so the ninety-eight percent 1053 00:41:36,380 --> 00:41:34,080 number is for the the not that appears 1054 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:36,390 to go seven see I don't know the exact 1055 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:37,770 number for the other one but it's a 1056 00:41:43,670 --> 00:41:40,970 little slower and the funny thing is 1057 00:41:46,010 --> 00:41:43,680 obviously if you if you take this jet 1058 00:41:47,630 --> 00:41:46,020 and knock it over on its side you would 1059 00:41:49,130 --> 00:41:47,640 still catch up to the other one but it 1060 00:41:50,840 --> 00:41:49,140 would take much longer like three 1061 00:41:52,520 --> 00:41:50,850 hundred years for to evolve so this 1062 00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:52,530 whole member i told you that one of the 1063 00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:54,510 the effects of this optical illusion is 1064 00:41:58,880 --> 00:41:56,010 that everything is sped up we see the 1065 00:42:01,190 --> 00:41:58,890 whole sequence of events very fast so it 1066 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:01,200 is it's still moving in real speed 1067 00:42:05,450 --> 00:42:03,930 faster than the one in front of it we 1068 00:42:07,310 --> 00:42:05,460 just sort of we're seeing everything 1069 00:42:09,770 --> 00:42:07,320 it's like putting your video on 1070 00:42:10,299 --> 00:42:09,780 fast-forward that makes sense yeah yeah 1071 00:42:11,769 --> 00:42:10,309 that does 1072 00:42:13,660 --> 00:42:11,779 that's right that's a cool effect and 1073 00:42:15,789 --> 00:42:13,670 unfortunately for us as well the impress 1074 00:42:18,279 --> 00:42:15,799 is also asking on YouTube is there a 1075 00:42:20,559 --> 00:42:18,289 relation between the mass of the black 1076 00:42:23,769 --> 00:42:20,569 hole and the presence of these types of 1077 00:42:26,469 --> 00:42:23,779 jets uh that's funny because there's a 1078 00:42:30,339 --> 00:42:26,479 press release for another paper today by 1079 00:42:31,719 --> 00:42:30,349 Mark okoboji that says yes I think 1080 00:42:34,420 --> 00:42:31,729 that's I think that paper came out 1081 00:42:36,009 --> 00:42:34,430 anyway but he there is a there is a 1082 00:42:37,390 --> 00:42:36,019 let's say an argument that that's the 1083 00:42:39,910 --> 00:42:37,400 case I don't know that it's been a 1084 00:42:41,829 --> 00:42:39,920 hundred percent established but but let 1085 00:42:42,969 --> 00:42:41,839 me also add to that that you know we 1086 00:42:44,709 --> 00:42:42,979 mentioned at the beginning of the 1087 00:42:46,420 --> 00:42:44,719 hangout that there is really these two 1088 00:42:48,579 --> 00:42:46,430 types of black holes that we know exists 1089 00:42:50,769 --> 00:42:48,589 in the universe one we call stellar-mass 1090 00:42:53,620 --> 00:42:50,779 black holes and we know they form from 1091 00:42:55,299 --> 00:42:53,630 the evolution of a normal star so a very 1092 00:42:57,519 --> 00:42:55,309 massive start at the end of its lifetime 1093 00:42:59,349 --> 00:42:57,529 will undergo supernova will become a 1094 00:43:01,420 --> 00:42:59,359 black hole and we also know of these 1095 00:43:03,160 --> 00:43:01,430 black holes that are a million or a 1096 00:43:05,410 --> 00:43:03,170 billion times more massive and sit in 1097 00:43:07,539 --> 00:43:05,420 the Centers of galaxies now we do 1098 00:43:09,189 --> 00:43:07,549 actually know that some stellar mass 1099 00:43:13,779 --> 00:43:09,199 black holes or Stella most compact 1100 00:43:15,789 --> 00:43:13,789 objects do have Jets as well so you know 1101 00:43:18,910 --> 00:43:15,799 while the mass may certainly play a role 1102 00:43:21,130 --> 00:43:18,920 in how things you know appear to us or 1103 00:43:23,229 --> 00:43:21,140 you know how prominent to jet maybe it's 1104 00:43:25,059 --> 00:43:23,239 it's certainly not that you can only get 1105 00:43:26,589 --> 00:43:25,069 a jet if you have a black hole above a 1106 00:43:29,049 --> 00:43:26,599 certain mass because we already know 1107 00:43:30,849 --> 00:43:29,059 that we find them in objects whose mass 1108 00:43:33,249 --> 00:43:30,859 is different by as much as a factor of a 1109 00:43:34,749 --> 00:43:33,259 building so plays a role but it's still 1110 00:43:36,549 --> 00:43:34,759 a much more complex for normal and than 1111 00:43:38,709 --> 00:43:36,559 just a mass it's not just a mass that's 1112 00:43:40,779 --> 00:43:38,719 regulating excellent that's a great 1113 00:43:43,150 --> 00:43:40,789 question thanks to me I appreciate that 1114 00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:43,160 okay so let me I think that's all of our 1115 00:43:49,809 --> 00:43:45,410 questions that we had 0 1 0 I got more 1116 00:43:52,779 --> 00:43:49,819 now let's see let me let me see here dan 1117 00:43:55,059 --> 00:43:52,789 Buddha's asking on the Q&A app all all 1118 00:43:57,069 --> 00:43:55,069 the black holes all the black holes at 1119 00:43:59,410 --> 00:43:57,079 one time emit jets or what condition is 1120 00:44:01,329 --> 00:43:59,420 needed for the black holes to emit jets 1121 00:44:02,919 --> 00:44:01,339 and we alluded to that earlier you need 1122 00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:02,929 to be feeding it right it has to have 1123 00:44:07,209 --> 00:44:05,599 material falling in before these Jets 1124 00:44:09,819 --> 00:44:07,219 will appear so that we talked about that 1125 00:44:11,739 --> 00:44:09,829 earlier on uh what does stephen hawking 1126 00:44:13,779 --> 00:44:11,749 have to say about this charles bell is 1127 00:44:16,569 --> 00:44:13,789 asking i don't know we're not babies on 1128 00:44:19,179 --> 00:44:16,579 in our hangout well we can call them up 1129 00:44:23,220 --> 00:44:19,189 yeah it's calling my i don't know don't 1130 00:44:28,690 --> 00:44:25,540 yeah sorry don't know girl but that's 1131 00:44:29,980 --> 00:44:28,700 you know well maybe we'll try to reach 1132 00:44:33,310 --> 00:44:29,990 him and maybe he'll be on the future 1133 00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:33,320 hang out okay so um duh I have a 1134 00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:35,450 question I ok and I know that you've 1135 00:44:44,140 --> 00:44:38,650 looked at one other example of this um 1136 00:44:46,180 --> 00:44:44,150 but there are many known examples of 1137 00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:46,190 this phenomenon and we just don't know 1138 00:44:51,430 --> 00:44:48,770 the details of the Jets and what they're 1139 00:44:54,630 --> 00:44:51,440 doing so it's possible that many of the 1140 00:44:59,410 --> 00:44:54,640 Jets and ellipticals are we doing this 1141 00:45:02,080 --> 00:44:59,420 yes yeah um so we are only just now able 1142 00:45:03,880 --> 00:45:02,090 partly because of the you know the 1143 00:45:05,260 --> 00:45:03,890 developments of this trauma tree is 1144 00:45:08,650 --> 00:45:05,270 basically the field that allows us to 1145 00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:08,660 align these images very very well so 1146 00:45:13,720 --> 00:45:11,210 we've only kind of got that a set of 1147 00:45:15,880 --> 00:45:13,730 tools on hand plus the long lifetimes of 1148 00:45:19,060 --> 00:45:15,890 Hubble to really start looking at the 1149 00:45:22,120 --> 00:45:19,070 local universe Jets as I call them now 1150 00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:22,130 so there's definitely more cases where 1151 00:45:26,020 --> 00:45:24,410 we want to look and we think well we may 1152 00:45:27,970 --> 00:45:26,030 see something similar or we may not 1153 00:45:29,770 --> 00:45:27,980 that's you know it's it's pure 1154 00:45:31,510 --> 00:45:29,780 phenomenology at this point so we're 1155 00:45:33,130 --> 00:45:31,520 going to look and see if all the Jets do 1156 00:45:38,650 --> 00:45:33,140 something similar to this or if this is 1157 00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:38,660 a really strange outlier so it's it's a 1158 00:45:43,390 --> 00:45:40,310 probably expected that we will find more 1159 00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:43,400 of these another question I had is do 1160 00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:46,370 you have any I mean this is lots of 1161 00:45:51,070 --> 00:45:48,110 observing time or whatever but are there 1162 00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:51,080 are correlations of the brightening in 1163 00:45:57,220 --> 00:45:54,110 other wavelengths that you've seen are 1164 00:45:59,950 --> 00:45:57,230 you seeing some kind of a phenomenon 1165 00:46:02,320 --> 00:45:59,960 that produces x-rays that suggests this 1166 00:46:07,020 --> 00:46:02,330 associated with this matter creating the 1167 00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:07,030 blog or it's different that's them 1168 00:46:11,460 --> 00:46:09,290 that's a good question in fact maybe 1169 00:46:14,080 --> 00:46:11,470 Marcos could say something about the 1170 00:46:16,180 --> 00:46:14,090 sort of internal shock theory that we 1171 00:46:20,410 --> 00:46:16,190 think that this why we think is a big 1172 00:46:22,570 --> 00:46:20,420 results for for wider reasons well the 1173 00:46:25,990 --> 00:46:22,580 first thing one is to say is that you do 1174 00:46:28,930 --> 00:46:26,000 expect this flaring up to be manifested 1175 00:46:32,740 --> 00:46:28,940 in the optical the x-rays with a user 1176 00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:32,750 name yeah you exist yeah so that that's 1177 00:46:36,140 --> 00:46:35,450 one thing the other thing the reason 1178 00:46:37,789 --> 00:46:36,150 that this is very 1179 00:46:41,089 --> 00:46:37,799 interesting is that this collision of 1180 00:46:45,289 --> 00:46:41,099 blogs of components has been theorized 1181 00:46:47,809 --> 00:46:45,299 about 30 years ago and has been used a 1182 00:46:50,240 --> 00:46:47,819 lot in another family of service called 1183 00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:50,250 gamma ray bursts these are these are 1184 00:46:56,690 --> 00:46:53,010 stellar phenomena that in the collapse 1185 00:46:59,450 --> 00:46:56,700 of a stellar system they form a jet that 1186 00:47:03,049 --> 00:46:59,460 lasts for a few seconds and we we 1187 00:47:07,069 --> 00:47:03,059 theorize that the missionary get out of 1188 00:47:10,279 --> 00:47:07,079 this comes from lees colliding colliding 1189 00:47:12,740 --> 00:47:10,289 components but this has never been seen 1190 00:47:14,839 --> 00:47:12,750 never and this is the first time we 1191 00:47:17,870 --> 00:47:14,849 actually see we see two components 1192 00:47:20,599 --> 00:47:17,880 actually colliding that is that is 1193 00:47:24,859 --> 00:47:20,609 honestly the reason this results found 1194 00:47:27,859 --> 00:47:24,869 its way to nature yeah I see I see but 1195 00:47:31,370 --> 00:47:27,869 this is it a massively larger scale 1196 00:47:35,329 --> 00:47:31,380 that's right and the gamma great or 1197 00:47:37,309 --> 00:47:35,339 sources yeah wow that's amazing as you 1198 00:47:40,069 --> 00:47:37,319 say the phenomenon sort of occurs at 1199 00:47:42,140 --> 00:47:40,079 many different scales not just to the 1200 00:47:44,150 --> 00:47:42,150 scale of supermassive black holes but 1201 00:47:46,609 --> 00:47:44,160 all the way down to sell enough that's 1202 00:47:48,650 --> 00:47:46,619 right okay let me just get a little 1203 00:47:50,150 --> 00:47:48,660 clarification from fubar Gord she says 1204 00:47:52,339 --> 00:47:50,160 part of the river for the record my nick 1205 00:47:56,150 --> 00:47:52,349 is the first default variable name fubar 1206 00:47:58,910 --> 00:47:56,160 yeah I knew that followed by the second 1207 00:48:00,650 --> 00:47:58,920 followed by who knows what okay so yes I 1208 00:48:02,089 --> 00:48:00,660 can't you don't look very chic that it's 1209 00:48:04,099 --> 00:48:02,099 also a really good question you asked so 1210 00:48:05,809 --> 00:48:04,109 you know that overcomes any any 1211 00:48:08,089 --> 00:48:05,819 strangeness and your handle for sure 1212 00:48:09,559 --> 00:48:08,099 okay I think I think that's it for this 1213 00:48:11,870 --> 00:48:09,569 week's car do you have any daddy any 1214 00:48:14,870 --> 00:48:11,880 quick any quick the only thing I'm 1215 00:48:16,460 --> 00:48:14,880 saying there is Michael jovens uh what 1216 00:48:17,630 --> 00:48:16,470 about your just think about the the BBQ 1217 00:48:25,390 --> 00:48:17,640 could have like no we have spaghetti 1218 00:48:31,010 --> 00:48:28,880 head coach all right good well I want to 1219 00:48:32,510 --> 00:48:31,020 thank you eileen and rollin and then 1220 00:48:33,859 --> 00:48:32,520 marcos thank you for joining us this is 1221 00:48:35,660 --> 00:48:33,869 excellent work we look forward to 1222 00:48:37,279 --> 00:48:35,670 hearing more from you and Aileen as you 1223 00:48:38,329 --> 00:48:37,289 get more information from these Jets you 1224 00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:38,339 come back and let us know about them 1225 00:48:42,980 --> 00:48:40,410 absolutely all right thank you guys for 1226 00:48:47,720 --> 00:48:42,990 being in our hangout that's it our 1227 00:48:57,120 --> 00:48:51,420 yeah that's right that's right accretion 1228 00:48:58,410 --> 00:48:57,130 disk every campus okay all right so 1229 00:48:59,550 --> 00:48:58,420 that's it for this week though thank you 1230 00:49:05,250 --> 00:48:59,560 all for watching next week we're going 1231 00:49:07,290 --> 00:49:05,260 to be talking about Pluto yeah this non 1232 00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:07,300 planet are doing very strange bizarre 1233 00:49:11,550 --> 00:49:09,310 things Hubble watched it looked at it 1234 00:49:13,319 --> 00:49:11,560 measured it and we are going to show you 1235 00:49:15,540 --> 00:49:13,329 what these moons are doing next week so 1236 00:49:18,359 --> 00:49:15,550 we look forward to seeing you again and 1237 00:49:20,130 --> 00:49:18,369 as on behalf of Carol and Scott guys 1238 00:49:23,160 --> 00:49:20,140 this was another great hangout thank you 1239 00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:23,170 very much and as always thank you keep 1240 00:49:28,140 --> 00:49:25,690 watching and keep us I messed it up as